Beginning
with the migration of human beings out of Africa, travel has always
been central to human history. While the mass tourism and leisure
industry only originated in the nineteenth century, pilgrimage and
other forms of travel for non-commercial purposes existed in most
societies. Today, the desire to travel and to be a tourist is practically
universal, and touristic practices pervade many areas of social life.
Tourism has been a central dimension of globalization, and it offers
a useful lens on many key questions about where globalization is taking
us: questions about identity and heritage, commoditization, historical
and cultural representation, authenticity and ownership, neoliberalism,
inequality, gender relations, environmental sustainability, and more.
This course will explore tourism not only as an important human activity
and industry (the world’s largest), but also as a way of achieving
a better understanding of the complex relationship between globalization
and culture. Course requirements include occasional short presentations
in class about assigned readings; two 4-5 page reaction papers on
course materials (20 and 30% of grade); and a research final paper
on a topic approved by the instructor (40% of grade). Regular attendance,
preparation, and active participation are expected and will account
for the other 10% of the final grade. [Note: students may also choose
to write two "exploratory" papers, elaborating on issues
in the readings with additional sources, in lieu of the final research
paper. The second "exploratory paper" is to be based on
the April 14 and 21 readings, along with the Alain de Botton book.]
Required
Texts
Sharon
Bohn Gmelch, ed., Tourists and Tourism: A Reader (Waveland
Press, 2004)
John Urry, The Tourist Gaze, 2nd ed. (Sage Publications,
2002)
Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Destination Culture: Tourism, Museums
and Heritage (University of California Press, 1998)
Michael F. Brown, Who Owns Native Culture? (Harvard University
Press, 2003)
Alain de Botton, The Art of Travel (Vintage, 2004).
The
course management system WebCT
will be used for accessing copyrighted readings, submitting some assignments,
accessing grades and comments, and carrying on asynchronous discussion.
Note: Some of the file sizes for readings in WebCT are large,
and should be accessed with a high-speed internet connection.
Research
Note: The Rutgers libraries have recently simplified access
to their databases. If, when you go to a library page, you see on
the left a yellow box with the words "not logged in," all
you need to do is click on that box and sign in, using your Net ID
and password. Three journals worth browsing or searching online are
Annals
of Tourism Research, Tourism
Management, and Tourism
Geographies. Students new to online bibliographic searching are
encouraged to consult my department's Library
Resources web page. Academic
Search Premier (Ebsco) is a generally-useful database for tourism-related
articles. All students should familiarize themselves with my department's
Plagiarism Policy and Citation Guidelines. Although APA is the style
preferred in my department, students in this course may use whatever
citation style they wish, as long as they use it appropriately and
consistently.
Tentative
Schedule
(subject to modification; please check regularly)
January
20 |
Introduction
to the Study of Tourism and Globalization
Nayan Chanda, Globalization
in the Shadow of History Slide Show (Yale Global Online)
Film: Global Tourism (27 min.)
Resource: World Tourism
Organization website |
|
Central
Themes in the Study of Tourism
Sharon Gmelch, "Why Tourism Matters," T&T
#1
Nelson Graburn, "Secular Ritual: A General Theory of Tourism,"
T&T #2
Dean MacCannell, "Sightseeing and Social Structure; The Moral
Integration of Modernity," T&T #4
John Urry, The Tourist Gaze, Ch. 1
Adrian Franklin, "Introduction," Tourism: An Introduction
(London: Sage, 2003), pp. 1-15. Available
in WebCT References.
Robert Wood, "Preface" and "Tourism and the State:
Ethnic Options and Constructions of Otherness," in Michel
Picard and Robert E. Wood, Tourism, Ethnicity and the State
in Asian and Pacific Societies (Honolulu, University of Hawai'i
Press, 1997). Available in
WebCT References. |
| |
Globalization
and the Political Economy of Leisure
Erve Chambers, "From Travel to Tourism",
pp. 1-17 of his Native Tours: The Anthropology of Travel
and Tourism (Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press, 2000). Available
in WebCT References.
John Urry, The Tourist Gaze, Chapters 2, 5
Greg Richards, "Time for a Holiday? Social rights
and international tourism consumption," Time and Society
7,1 (1998). Available in
WebCT References.
Juliet B. Schor, "The
Triple Imperative: Global Ecology, Poverty and Worktime Reduction,"
(working paper published in Berkeley Journal of Sociology,
2001) and "Real
Vacations for All" (2001)
Mark Landler, "Slaves for Vacation: Europe Ponders the
Meaning of Life," New York Times (Aug. 15, 2004).
Available in WebCT References.
Additional resource (recommended): Tony
Judt, "Europe vs. America," New York Review of
Books 52,2 (Feb. 10, 2005). [Not about leisure and
tourism per se, but explores contrasts directly related to them.]
Reaction Paper due:
Relating to Tourism: Academic Themes and Personal Experience
(come prepared to discuss your conclusions) |
|
The
Globalization of Tourism/The Touristification of the Globe I
Robert Wood, "Cruise Tourism: A Paradigmatic Case of Globalization?"
in Ross Dowling, Cruise Tourism, Impacts, Issues, Cases,
2005 forthcoming. Available
in WebCT References.
Polly Pattullo, "Sailing into the Sunset: The Cruise-ship
Industry," T&T #26
Peter Phipps, "Tourism and Terrorism: An Intimate Equivalence,"
T&T #5
Kathleen M. Adams, "Danger-Zone Tourism: Prospects and Problems
for Tourism in Tumultuous Times," in Peggy Teo, T.C. Chang
and K.C. Ho, Interconnected Worlds: Tourism in Southeast Asia
(London: Pergamon Press, 2001). Available
in WebCT References. |
|
The
Globalization of Tourism/The Touristification of the Globe II
John Urry, The Tourist Gaze, Chapters 7-8
Orvar Lofgren, "The Global Beach," T&T #3
John Tagliabue,
"Preserving a Heritage via Beds and Barns: European Governments
Subsidize Tourism (New York Times, August 13, 1998)
Available in WebCT References.
Lawrence Mintz,
"In a Sense Abroad: Theme Parks and Simulated Tourism,"
T&T #11
Peggy Teo and Lim Hiong Li, "Global and Local Interactions
in Tourism," Annals of Tourism Research 30,2 (2003) Available
in WebCT References.
Brian Moeran, "Rereading the Language of Japanese Tourism,"
T&T #7 |
|
Sites
and Sights of Tourist-Local Interaction: Authenticity and Commoditization
Davydd J. Greenwood, "Culture by the Pound: An Anthropological
Perspective on Tourism as Cultural Commoditization," T&T
#9
Edward M. Bruner, "The Maasai and the Lion King: Authenticity,
Nationalism, and Globalization in African Tourism," T&T
#8
Fredderick Errington and Deborah Gewertz, "Tourism and Anthropology
in a Postmodern World," T&T #12
Edward M. Bruner, "Tourism in the Balinese Borderzone,"
T&T #13
Kjell Olsen, "Authenticity As a Concept in Tourism Research,"
Tourist Studies 2,2 (2002). Available
in WebCT References. (optional)
Robert Shepherd, "Commodification, Culture and Tourism,"
Tourist Studies 2,2 (2002). Available
in WebCT References.
Film: Trekking on Tradition |
| |
Presenting
and Representing Culture and Heritage in a Global Context
Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Desination Culture, "Introduction,"
"Objects of Ethnography," and "Destination Museum."
Melanie K. Smith, "The Globalisation of Heritage Tourism,"
in her Issues in Cultural Tourism Studies (London: Routledge,
2003). Available in WebCT
References.
Michael Hitchcock and Victor T. King, "Discourses with the
Past: Tourism and Heritage in Southeast Asia," Indonesia
and the Malay World 31, 89 (2003). Available
in WebCT References.
Film: Cannibal Tours
UNESCO World
Heritage Convention |
|
Representing
History: Historical Sites and Theme Parks Around the World
Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Destination Culture, "Ellis
Island" and "Plimoth Plantation."
Edward M. Bruner, "Tourism in Ghana: The Representation of
Slavery and the Return of the Black Diaspora," American
Anthropologist 98,2 (1996).
Available in WebCT References.
Eric Gable and Richard Handler, "After Authenticity at an
American Heritage Site," American Anthropologist
98,3 (1996) and Ch.9 in their The New History in an Old Museum:
Creating the Past at Colonial Williamsburg (Durham: University
of North Carolina Press, 1997). Available
in WebCT References.
John Urry, The Tourist Gaze, Ch. 6
Recommended: Faith Davis Ruffins, "Culture Wars Won and Lost:
Ethnic Museums on the Mall, Part I: The National Holocaust Museum
and the National Museum of the American Indian," Radical
History Review 68 (1997) and "Part II: The National
African-American Museum Project" Radical History Review
70 (1998). Available in WebCT
References. |
|
Spring
Break |
|
Reaction Paper due
on a museum, exhibition, or tourist site that you've visited,
integrating relevant course readings and at several other sources
(reviews, articles, catalogs, etc.). It is possible to make this
paper a basis for your research paper. Please come prepared
to discuss your topic and findings. |
March
31 |
Cultural
Ownership in a Global World I
Michael F. Brown, Who Owns Native Culture? Preface, Introduction,
Chapter 1-4
Video: excerpts from The Amish and Us |
| April
7 |
Cultural
Ownership in a Global World I
Michael F. Brown, Who Owns Native Culture? Chapters
5-8.
Video: Bali:
Masterpiece of the Gods
Optional
exploratory paper #1 due |
|
Global-Local
Dynamics: Strategies of Opportunity, Accomodation, Resistance,
and Control
Jeremy Boissevain, "Coping with Mass Cultural Tourism: Structure
and Strategies," T&T #15
Jon G. Abbink, "Tourism and Its Discontents: Suri-Tourist
Encounters in Ethiopia," T&T #16
M. Estellie Smith, "The Role of the Elite in the Development
of Tourism," T&T #21
James F. Fisher, "Sherpa Culture and the Tourist Torrent,"
T&T #-22
Kathleen M. Adams, "Making-up the Toraja? The Appropriation
of Tourism, Anthropology, and Museums for Politics in Upland Sulawesi,
Indonesia," Ethnology 34,2 (1995). Available
in WebCT References.
Optional: Irene Ateljevic and Stephen Doorne, "Culture,
Economy and Tourism Commodities: Social Relations of Consumption
and Production," Tourist Studies 3,2 (2003). Available
in WebCT References. |
|
Responsibility,
Fairness and Voice in Global Tourism
Martha Honey, "Giving a Grade to Costa Rica's Green Tourism,"
T&T #24
Deborah McLaren, "Rethinking Tourism," T&T #27
Appendix C: "Tourist Guidelines," T&T pp. 467-478.
Robert Cleverdon and Angela Kalisch, "Fair Trade in Tourism,"
International Journal of Tourism Research 2 (2000).
Available in WebCT
References.
Websites to explore:
Tourism
Concern
International Centre for
Responsible Tourism
Global
Exchange Reality Tours
Responsible
Tourism Resources |
April
28 |
Read
and come prepared to discuss: Alain de Botton, The
Art of Travel (available for $9.75 or less from
Amazon.com) |
Mon.
May 9 |
"Personal
travel strategy" paper due. |
|
